In the search for sustainable energy solutions that respond to climate change challenges, photovoltaic (PV) design is crucial. While the built environment seeks to decarbonise, increased electrification of our buildings is inevitable, meaning we need to find ways to ensure that our electrical supply is reliable by designing onsite energy generation wherever possible. 

There has been significant progress in PV design over the years, from its origins in off-grid applications, where the focus was autonomy and reliability, to modern day sophisticated PV systems that can optimise energy production, reduce costs and effortlessly integrate with larger energy grids.  

Modern PV design is complex and advanced tools and software such as PV SOL and PVsyst play a crucial role in considering several critical factors to ensure the feasibility and efficiency of the solar installation. These tools enable designers to model the potential of a site, predict energy yield with accuracy and create detailed 3D models of solar installations, including the arrangement of PV panels and potential shading objects. This is instrumental in enhancing panel placement and assessing shading impacts, thereby maximising solar exposure and energy production potential.  

System configuration requires careful selection of panels, inverters and components based on each installation's energy needs, budget and space. The use of designer tools optimises factors like panel orientation and tilt for maximum solar exposure and moreover, it allows high-efficiency and durable components to be chosen for their performance and maintenance needs through an extensive database for comparing and selecting products to optimise system design. 

Electric design then takes centre stage – detailed electrical design, including wiring, connectors and safety devices, ensuring electrical code compliance and system reliability while integrating with existing electrical grids.  Smart inverters and advanced energy management systems further enhance PV systems by optimising energy production, providing real-time monitoring and supporting grid stability. 

Yet, challenges remain.  Effective energy storage solutions that are accurately simulated and analysed are crucial to addressing the intermittent nature of solar energy and ensuring a stable supply. As solar energy grows, grid integration poses technical and regulatory challenges.  Additionally, the sustainability of PV systems throughout their lifecycle – from manufacturing to disposal – is an ongoing area of research.  Insurance compliance can also be a challenging factor, as designers must proactively address potential issues and risks associated with conforming with regulations such as RICS, which is increasingly becoming a requirement for PV Design. 

Despite these challenges, the future of PV Design is promising.  Continued efforts are being made to reduce costs, improve efficiency and expand technological capabilities, all supported by design tools.